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The largest source of renewable energy in Brazil is ethanol, accounting for over one- third of Brazil’s renewable energy. In addition, 9. 0 percent of Brazil’s electricity comes from renewable sources, predominantly hydroelectricity. By comparison, only nine percent of the U. S. About half of our electricity is generated from coal. Due in part to its ethanol program, Brazil became net energy independent in 2. Although we need to remember that the U. S. Large oil imports and high oil prices were damaging Brazil’s economy. In 1. 97. 5 Brazil implemented the National Alcohol Program. Since the creation of the National Alcohol Programme (NAP). Faced with rapidly falling car sales the government issued new incentives to revive “popular. The Brazilian alcohol program: foundations, results. It contained four policies to stimulate ethanol production. It required Petrobras, its major oil company, to purchase a required amount of ethanol. It provided $4. 9 billion of low- interest loans to stimulate ethanol production. It provided subsides so that ethanol’s pump price was 4. It required that all fuels be blended with a minimum of 2. E2. 2). Although crude oil prices were low in the 1. Brazil kept its ethanol program alive and moving forward. In 2. 00. 0, Brazil deregulated the ethanol market and removed its subsidies. The ethanol mandate was maintained. Depending on market conditions, all fuels were required to be blended with 2. The current mandate is 2. June 1, 2. 00. 7. Brazil aggressively developed cars that operated only on 1. In 1. 97. 9 the Fiat 1. By 1. 98. 8 almost 9. Brazil were E1. 00 (alcohol only) cars. However, an ethanol shortage in early 1. E1. 00 cars. In 1. E1. 00. Flex- fuel vehicles were introduced in 2. These vehicles can run on 1. Today more than 7. Brazil are flex- fuel as shown in Figure 1. Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Larrea, Sylvia. Fiscal and economic incentives for sustainable biofuels development: Experiences in Brazil, the United.BRAZIL ALCOHOL NATIONAL PROGRAM M. February 1999 Direct Subsidies Financing for Alcohol Stocks by the Private Enterprise Current Taxation. The government launched the National Alcohol Program in. The government scaled back incentives in. This chapter focuses on the use of biomass as both a food and an energy source in the United States, Brazil, India, and Kenya. Biomass from forests and other sources is produced from incoming solar energy if. History of ethanol fuel in Brazil Mechanized harvesting of sugarcane. The National Alcohol Program -Pr. These incentives made ethanol production competitive. Consumers have 4. Flex fuel vehicles have electronic sensors that detect the fuel blend mix and automatically adjust the engine combustion. The production of E1. The remaining 2. 8 percent operate on the mandated E2. There are no light vehicles running on pure gasoline. Seventy percent is the generally accepted tipping point of whether consumers purchase ethanol or gasoline for their flexible fuel vehicles. In other words, if ethanol price is less than 7. Anything over 7. The need for the discount is due to ethanol lower energy level per gallon than gasoline. So Brazil’s flex fuel vehicle program means that consumers have discretion in the combination of gasoline and ethanol they purchase. In July of 2. 00. Sao Paulo to a high of 6. Porto Alegre. By contrast the ratio in Jan. Sao Paulo to 7. 3 percent in Porto Alegre. Because high ethanol blends have a low vapor pressure, starting in cold weather is a problem. This is one of the reasons why the U. S. So a small secondary pure gasoline tank is installed for starting in cold weather. An improved flex fuel motor installed in 2. Brazil has 3. 3,0. By comparison, the U. S. Federal taxes on gasoline are higher than ethanol. States provide similar incentives. To receive an operating license, all fueling stations must provide an ethanol or ethanol- blend pump. To provide perspective on Brazilian ethanol prices, during the first six months of 2. Brazil. By comparison, ethanol sold for $1. Most of this price increase was due to the exchange rate between the U. S. The real strengthened from 2. Ethanol Production and Usage. Brazilian sugarcane production reached 4. This represented 3. As shown in Figure 2, Brazilian ethanol production is expected to top 7 billion gallons in the 2. In ethanol production, the . This is called hydrous ethanol and contains about 9. As shown in Figure 2, the growth in Brazilian ethanol production has been in hydrous ethanol. Anhydrous ethanol is created by putting hydrous ethanol through a dehydration process after distillation to remove the remaining water. The dehydration process is costly and energy- consuming. Anhydrous ethanol is used in the U. S. During 2. 00. 8, hydrated ethanol has sold in Brazil for an average discount of about 1. Anhydrous ethanol is used in the more traditional cars that run on the mandated E2. As shown in Figure 3, the usage of ethanol has increased substantially in recent years. Strong demand for ethanol is due to mandated ethanol in gasoline, robust sales of flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) and a favorable ethanol/gasoline price ratio. Despite production growth in the industry, ethanol supply lags demand. An ethanol shortage occurred in 2. When trucks and other diesel vehicles are included, ethanol represents about 2. Ethanol represents 1. Brazil. Labor and Environment Impact. Traditionally sugarcane has been harvested by hand. The fields were usually burned to remove leaves and other debris and rid the fields of snakes, making it easier and safer for the workers to harvest the cane. Due to advancements in harvesting technology, concerns about worker exploitation and environmental concerns about burning the fields, mechanical harvesting is becoming more common, especially in southern Brazil. This is displacing many of the workers who are usually the poorest in Brazil. Although the work is hard and may be dangerous, it does provide employment for a segment of the population. The Brazilian Sugar Cane Industry Association believes that 5. No alternative employment opportunities appear to be available. From 1. 97. 5 to 2. Big city improvements in air quality in the 1. Conversely, the air quality degradation from a partial return to gasoline in the 1. References. Ethanol Demand Driving the Expansion of Brazil’s Sugar Industry. GAIN Report Number: BR7. USDA GAIN Report Number: BR8. USDAGreen Car Congress. Ethanol Fuel, Wikipedia. Ethanol Fuel in Brazil, Wikipedia * Reprinted with permission from the Ag Marketing Resource Center , retired extension value added agriculture specialist. Choosing the right installation medium. Hardware requirements. Before we start, we first list what hardware requirements are needed to successfully install Gentoo on a amd. It allows the user to boot Linux from the CD. During the boot process the hardware is detected and the appropriate drivers are loaded. The CD is maintained by Gentoo developers and allows anyone to install Gentoo if an active Internet connection is available. The instructions further down this chapter target the Minimal Installation CD so might be a bit different. However, the Live. DVD (or any other bootable Linux environment) supports getting a root prompt by just invoking sudo su - or sudo - i in a terminal. Previously, the Gentoo Handbook described the installation using one of three stage tarballs.
While Gentoo still offers stage. If you are interested in performing a Gentoo installation using a stage. Gentoo FAQ on How do I install Gentoo using a stage. Stage files update frequently and are not included on the installation CDs. The CD images themselves can be downloaded from the downloads page (recommended) or by manually browsing to the ISO location on one of the many available mirrors. Select the directory for the relevant target architecture (such as amd. Select the autobuilds/ directory. For amd. 64 and x. For all other architectures navigate to the current- iso/ directory. Note. Some target architectures such as arm, mips, and s. CDs. At this time the Gentoo Release Engineering project does not support building . Inside this location, the installation CD file is the file with the . For instance, take a look at the following listing. CODEExample list of downloadable files at releases/amd. But as can be seen, other related files exist as well. A . CONTENTS file which is a text file listing all files available on the installation CD. This file can be useful to verify if particular firmware or drivers are available on the installation CD before downloading it. A . DIGESTS file which contains the hash of the ISO file itself, in various hashing formats/algorithms. This file can be used to verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not. Fedora Minimal InstallationDebian Minimal InstallationA . DIGESTS. asc file which not only contains the hash of the ISO file (like the . DIGESTS file), but also a cryptographic signature of that file. This can be used to both verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not, as well as verify that the download is indeed provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team and has not been tampered with. Ignore the other files available at this location for now - those will come back when the installation has proceeded further. Download the . iso file and, if verification of the download is wanted, download the . DIGESTS. asc file for the . The . CONTENTS file does not need to be downloaded as the installation instructions will not refer to this file anymore, and the . DIGESTS file should contain the same information as the . DIGESTS. asc file, except that the latter also contains a signature on top of it. However, it is recommended as it ensures that the downloaded file is not corrupt and has indeed been provided by the Gentoo Infrastructure team. Through the . DIGESTS and . DIGESTS. asc files, the validity of the ISO file can be confirmed using the right set of tools. This verification is usually done in two steps. First, the cryptographic signature is validated to make sure that the installation file is provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team If the cryptographic signature validates, then the checksum is verified to make sure that the downloaded file itself is not corrupted. Microsoft Windows based verification. On a Microsoft Windows system, chances are low that the right set of tools to verify checksums and cryptographic signatures are in place. After installation, the public keys of the Gentoo Release Engineering team need to be imported. Be capable of running in the Minimal Server Interface configuration to take advantage of the reduced resource. Windows Services for UNIX should be part of the Windows server core / minimal installation. Minimal Installation Requirements. In some cases, you may not want to leave GAUSS installed on your license server. Reprise requires that a few files remain on the license server in order to hand out licenses: aptech.set. The list of keys is available on the signatures page. Once imported, the user can then verify the signature of the . DIGESTS. asc file. That also implies that the checksum should be verified against the values in the . DIGESTS. asc file, which is why the instructions above only refer to downloading the . DIGESTS. asc file. The checksum itself can be verified using the Hashcalc application, although many others exist as well. Most of the time, these tools will show the user the calculated checksum, and the user is requested to verify this checksum with the value that is inside the . DIGESTS. asc file. With this package installed, the following commands can be used to verify the cryptographic signature of the . DIGESTS. asc file. The . DIGESTS. asc file contains multiple hashing algorithms, so one of the methods to validate the right one is to first look at the checksum registered in the . DIGESTS. asc file. For instance, to get the SHA5. A 1 - i sha. 51. 2 install- amd. DIGESTS. asc. 3. 64d. CONTENTS. In the above output, two SHA5. CONTENTS file. Only the first checksum is of interest, as it needs to be compared with the calculated SHA5. As both checksums match, the file is not corrupted and the installation can continue. The ISO file needs to be burned on a CD to boot from, and in such a way that its content is burned on the CD, not just the file itself. Below a few common methods are described - a more elaborate set of instructions can be found in Our FAQ on burning an ISO file. Then change the Files of type to ISO image file. Then locate the ISO file and click Open. After clicking on Start recording the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD- R. With Nero Burning ROM, cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select Burn Image from the File menu. Select the image to burn and click Open. Now hit the Burn button and watch the brand new CD being burnt. Burning with Linux. On Linux, the ISO file can be burned on a CD using the cdrecord command, part of the app- cdr/cdrtools package. In K3. B, go to Tools and use Burn CD Image. Then follow the instructions provided by K3. B. Remove all external bootable media from the system (including any CD/DVD disks or USB drives), reboot the system, and enter the motherboard's firmware user interface. This is usually performed by pressing a keyboard key such as DEL, F1, F1. ESC during the Power- On Self- test (POST) process. The 'trigger' key varies depending on the system and motherboard. If it is not obvious use an internet search engine and do some research using the motherboard's model name as the search keyword. Results should be easy to determine. Once inside the motherboard's firmware menu, change the boot order so that the external bootable media (CD/DVD disks or USB drives) are tried before the internal disk devices. Without this change, the system will most likely reboot to the internal disk device, ignoring the external boot media. If not, then it might be necessary to create a bootable UEFI USB stick (or other medium) once before finalizing the Gentoo Linux installation. Now place the installation CD in the CD- ROM drive and reboot. A boot prompt should be shown. At this screen, Enter will begin the boot process with the default boot options. To boot the installation CD with custom boot options, specify a kernel followed by boot options and then hit Enter. If no choice is made within 1. CD will fall back to booting from disk. This allows installations to reboot and try out their installed environment without the need to remove the CD from the tray (something well appreciated for remote installations). On the installation CD, several kernels are provided. The default one is called gentoo. Other kernels are for specific hardware needs and the - nofb variants disable framebuffer support. This is only needed if the system requires ACPI to function properly. This is not required for Hyperthreading support. This is useful on some older systems and is also a requirement for using APM. This will disable any Hyperthreading support of your processor. The first option is the device, usually tty. S0 on x. 86, followed by any connection options, which are comma separated. The default options are 9. Options should be encapsulated in quotes. This also requires that acpi=off. This is only required when booting from PCMCIA/Cardbus devices. This is also a requirement for booting most USB devices, as they use the SCSI subsystem of the kernel. This option is only used on machines with an older BIOS. Replace sda with the device that requires this option. If the system is having trouble reading from the IDE CDROM, try this option. This also disables the default hdparm settings from being executed. It has been known to cause some problems on older hardware. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver. This is useful on networks with only static addresses. This should only be necessary if your Firewire hardware is causing a problem with booting the CD. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver. This is used if the system is having problems with the SATA subsystem. This is useful for debugging SMP- related issues with certain drivers and motherboards. This is useful for systems where sound support causes problems. This is useful for debugging USB issues. This might get messy, as it displays a lot of data to the screen. This option requires that there is at least twice as much available RAM as the size of the CD. Replace X with the module name. Multiple modules can be specified by a comma- separated list. Syntax matches that of doload. Replace X with the number of seconds to pause. As an example, we boot the gentoo kernel, with dopcmcia as a kernel parameter. Next the user will be greeted with a boot screen and progress bar. If the installation is done on a system with a non- US keyboard, make sure to immediately press Alt + F1 to switch to verbose mode and follow the prompt. If no selection is made in 1. US keyboard) will be accepted and the boot process will continue. Once the boot process completes, the user is automatically logged in to the . OneTime — Encryption with One-Time Pads. OneTime is an open source encryption program that uses the one-time pad. To have an encryption program whose code is. One time pad encryption - C++ Forum. One time pad encryption using xor is the only algorithm known to be completely uncrackable, because a key can be made which decrypts the message to any message the would- be cracker wants. This program implements the algorithm in a fast and crude way. Oren Watson. Do whatever you want with it. C++ Program to Implement the One Time Pad Algorithm. Here is source code of the C++ Program to Implement the One Time Pad.If you know the value of one bit of the key. The Vernam cipher or one-time pad. JavaScript One-Time Pad Generator. OTP: One-Time Pad Generator Program. One Time Pad is an easy to use personal encryption program using the elegant one time pad encryption. The Laws of Cryptography with Java Code. Rumkin.com >> Web-Based Tools >> Ciphers and Codes. Search: It is said that the one-time pad is the best cipher anywhere. It is uncrackable as long as. One Time Pad Program In C Codes and Scripts Downloads Free. Time tracker : Application in c++ with GTK developed. Date And Time Program In C: One Time Pad C Code. One time pad, encryption and decryption. Write a program (preferably Java) to generate a one-time pad. Venona project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the place in Roman Britain, see Venonae. The Venona project (1. Although unknown to the public, and even to Presidents. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, these programs were of importance concerning crucial events of the early Cold War. These included the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg spying case and the defections of Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess to the Soviet Union. Most decipherable messages were transmitted and intercepted between 1. Sometime in 1. 94. Venona program was revealed to the Soviet Union by cryptologist- analyst Bill Weisband, an NKVD agent in the U. S. While a number of academics and historians assert that most of the individuals mentioned in the Venona decrypts were most likely either clandestine assets and/or contacts of Soviet intelligence agents. Due to a serious blunder on the part of the Soviets, some of this traffic was vulnerable to cryptanalysis. The Soviet company that manufactured the one- time pads produced around 3. German advance on Moscow during World War II. When used correctly, one- time pad encryption is unbreakable. It is probable that the Soviet code generators started duplicating cipher pages in order to keep up with demand. It was Arlington Hall's Lieutenant Richard Hallock, working on Soviet . Hallock and his colleagues, amongst whom were Genevieve Feinstein, Cecil Phillips, Frank Lewis, Frank Wanat, and Lucille Campbell, went on to break into a significant amount of Trade traffic, recovering many one- time pad additive key tables in the process. A young Meredith Gardner then used this material to break into what turned out to be NKVD (and later GRU) traffic by reconstructing the code used to convert text to numbers. Samuel Chew and Cecil Phillips also made valuable contributions. On 2. 0 December 1. Gardner made the first break into the code, revealing the existence of Soviet espionage in the Manhattan Project. Very slowly, using assorted techniques ranging from traffic analysis to defector information, more of the messages were decrypted. Claims have been made that information from the physical recovery of code books (a partially burned one was obtained by the Finns) to bugging embassy rooms in which text was entered into encrypting devices (analyzing the keystrokes by listening to them being punched in) contributed to recovering much of the plaintext. These latter claims are less than fully supported in the open literature. One significant aid (mentioned by the NSA) in the early stages may have been work done in cooperation between the Japanese and Finnish cryptanalysis organizations; when the Americans broke into Japanese codes during World War II, they gained access to this information. There are also reports that copies of signals purloined from Soviet offices by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were helpful in the cryptanalysis. The Finnish radio intelligence sold much of its material concerning Soviet codes to OSS in 1. Operation Stella Polaris, including the partially burned code book. Approximately 2,2. GRU- Naval Washington to Moscow messages were broken, but none for any other year, although several thousand were sent between 1. The decryption rate of the NKVD cables was as follows: 1. Out of some hundreds of thousands of intercepted encrypted texts, it is claimed under 3,0. All the duplicate one- time pad pages were produced in 1. After this, Soviet message traffic reverted to being completely unreadable. At least one Soviet penetration agent, British Secret Intelligence Service representative to the U. S. Kim Philby, was told about the project in 1. British and U. S. Since all of the duplicate one- time pad pages had been used by this time, the Soviets apparently did not make any changes to their cryptographic procedures after they learned of Venona. However, this information allowed them to alert those of their agents who might be at risk of exposure due to the decryption. Significance. With the first break into the code, Venona revealed the existence of Soviet espionage. Others worked in Washington in the State Department, the Treasury, Office of Strategic Services. Among those identified are Julius and Ethel Rosenberg; Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White. In some cases, notably Hiss, the matching of a Venona cryptonym to an individual is disputed. In many other cases, a Venona cryptonym has not yet been linked to any person. According to authors John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, the Venona transcripts identify approximately 3. Americans whom they claim had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence, though fewer than half of these have been matched to real- name identities. Each of those 3. 49 persons may have had many others working for, and reporting only to, them. The Office of Strategic Services, the predecessor to the CIA, housed at one time or another between fifteen and twenty Soviet spies. The War Production Board, the Board of Economic Warfare, the Office of the Coordinator of Inter- American Affairs and the Office of War Information, included at least half a dozen Soviet sources each among their employees. Bearing of Venona on particular cases. Some known spies, including Theodore Hall, were neither prosecuted nor publicly implicated, because the Venona evidence against them was withheld. The identity of Soviet source cryptonymed '1. According to British writer Nigel West, '1. Czechoslovak government- in- exile. Edvard Bene. He claimed Harry Hopkins was a secret Russian agent. The information Rosenberg passed to the Soviets concerned the proximity fuze, design and production information on the Lockheed P- 8. Emerson Radio. The Venona evidence indicates unidentified sources code- named . According to Alexander Vassiliev's notes from KGB archive, . Mc. Nutt, an engineer from the uranium processing plant in Oak Ridge. Some of the earliest messages decrypted concerned information from a scientist at the Manhattan Project, who was referred to by the code names of CHARLES and REST. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department. When Philby learned of Venona in 1. Soviet spy Donald Maclean was in danger of being exposed. The FBI told Philby about an agent cryptonymed 'Homer', whose 1. Moscow had been decoded. As it had been sent from New York and had its origins in the British Embassy in Washington, Philby, who would not have known Maclean's cryptonym, deduced the sender's identity. By early 1. 95. 1, Philby knew U. S. As well as Australian diplomat suspects abroad, Venona had revealed Walter Seddon Clayton (cryptonym 'KLOD'), a leading official within the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), as the chief organiser of Soviet intelligence gathering in Australia. Senior army officers, in consultation with the FBI and CIA, made the decision to restrict knowledge of Venona within the government (even the CIA was not made an active partner until 1. Army Chief of Staff Omar Bradley, concerned about the White House's history of leaking sensitive information, decided to deny President Truman direct knowledge of the project. The president received the substance of the material only through FBI, Justice Department, and CIA reports on counterintelligence and intelligence matters. He was not told the material came from decoded Soviet ciphers. To some degree this secrecy was counter- productive; Truman was distrustful of FBI head J. Edgar Hoover and suspected the reports were exaggerated for political purposes. Some of the earliest detailed public knowledge that Soviet code messages from World War II had been broken came with the release of Robert Lamphere's book, The FBI- KGB War, in 1. Lamphere had been the FBI liaison to the code- breaking activity, had considerable knowledge of Venona and the counter- intelligence work that resulted from it. MI5 assistant director Peter Wright's 1. Spycatcher, however, was the first detailed account of the Venona project, identifying it by name and making clear its long- term implications in post- war espionage. Many inside the NSA had argued internally that the time had come to publicly release the details of the Venona project, but it was not until 1. Commission on Government Secrecy, with Senator Moynihan as chairman, released Venona project materials. Of late we find ourselves relying on archives of the former Soviet Union in Moscow to resolve questions of what was going on in Washington at mid- century. Some names were not released because to do so would constitute an invasion of privacy. Anti- Communists suspected many spies remained at large, perhaps including some known to the government. Those who criticized the governmental and non- governmental efforts to root out and expose communists felt these efforts were an overreaction (in addition to other reservations about Mc. Carthyism). As the Moynihan Commission wrote in its final report. But at the time, the American Government, much less the American public, was confronted with possibilities and charges, at once baffling and terrifying. Intelligence historian Nigel West believes that . They question the accuracy of the translations and the identifications of covernames that the NSA translations give. Writers Walter and Miriam Schneir, in a lengthy 1. Belmont, who was assistant to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover at the time. His reasons include legal uncertainties about the admissibility of the translations as evidence, and the difficulties that prosecution would face in supporting the validity of the translations. Belmont highlights the uncertainties in the translation process, noting that the cryptographers have indicated that . The Schneirs conclude that . The Schneirs' critique of the Venona documents was based on their decades of work on the case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Another critique of the Venona translations came from the late Rutgers University law professor John Lowenthal, who as a law student worked as a volunteer for Alger Hiss's defense team, and later wrote extensively on the Hiss case. Navasky claims the Venona material is being used to . Free CCNA Study Guide Where our new CCENT and CCNA 200-120 study guides are at the very best price you will find anywhere. We offer actually three Cisco Certification study guides on this site. The first free CCNA study. CCNA Routing and Switching - Cisco. To earn this Cisco certification, you must pass the following exam(s): Option 1: CCNA Composite. 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